| Single visual glance | Less than 2 seconds for an individual glance away from the road. | Record the longest continuous period during which the rider looks at the display instead of the roadway. | Every tested glance remains under 2.0 seconds. | Shorter glances reduce the time in which traffic changes may go unnoticed. |
| Total visual time during one task | No more than 12 seconds of cumulative eyes-off-road time for a visual-manual task. | Add every glance made while entering a destination, changing audio, or adjusting a setting. | Cumulative visual time is 12.0 seconds or less; lower is preferable. | Several short glances can still create significant overall exposure to roadway risk. |
| Navigation task complexity | Route entry and destination changes require more visual-manual interaction than following an already-started route. | Time a complete task from the first touch until the rider returns attention to traffic. | Set destinations before riding; avoid multi-step entry while moving. | The safest screen cannot make a complex moving-vehicle interaction risk-free. |
| Glance frequency | There is no universal numerical frequency limit; repeated glances increase cumulative exposure. | Count the number of display looks required during a fixed 5- or 10-minute riding segment. | Fewer glances are needed for the same task, with each glance below 2 seconds. | A simple interface can lower workload even when individual glances are already brief. |
| Information hierarchy | Critical information should be available without searching through multiple screens or menus. | Count taps, screen changes, and menu layers needed to view navigation or incoming-call information. | Primary information is visible on the first screen with minimal navigation. | Less visual searching supports faster return of attention to the road. |
| Voice and hands-free operation | Voice operation can reduce touch interaction, but it does not eliminate cognitive distraction or the need to monitor traffic. | Test destination, call, and audio commands without touching the display while stationary before riding. | Common tasks can be completed without visual menu browsing. | Hands-free controls are a risk-reduction feature, not permission to ignore the roadway. |
| Touch accuracy with gloves | There is no single universal glove-use accuracy threshold; repeated correction taps increase interaction time. | Perform the same task with the gloves used for riding and record missed taps or corrections. | No repeated taps are needed for common controls while stationary. | Poor touch accuracy can extend both individual and cumulative glances. |
| Daylight readability | A display must remain readable in direct sunlight without requiring the rider to lean toward it or stare at it. | Check the map and key status information in direct sun, with the rider wearing normal protective equipment. | Information is identifiable at a normal riding posture with a brief glance. | Glare and low contrast can turn a brief glance into a prolonged stare. |
| Night brightness and glare | Excessive brightness can impair dark adaptation and create distracting reflections; a fixed universal brightness value does not apply to every environment. | Evaluate the lowest comfortable brightness on an unlit road or controlled dark setting without obscuring essential information. | Night mode or automatic dimming is available and reflections remain controlled. | Reduced glare helps preserve forward visibility and prevents visual adaptation problems. |
| Mount position and viewing angle | No single mounting location fits every motorcycle; the display should not block the road, instruments, mirrors, or warning indicators. | Check the rider’s normal sightline, steering movement, instrument visibility, and mirror view while seated in riding position. | The screen remains accessible without excessive head movement or obstruction. | A poorly positioned screen can increase glance duration and reduce situational awareness. |
| Weather and vibration tolerance | Rain, vibration, and temperature changes can cause missed inputs or interruptions, increasing the need for troubleshooting. | Verify stable operation during the expected weather and vibration conditions before relying on the display. | No unexpected reboot, touch failure, or cable issue occurs during the test. | Technical interruptions can prompt unsafe roadside or moving-vehicle interaction. |
| Final safety decision | The under-2-second individual-glance and 12-second cumulative-visual-time limits are screening references, not a guarantee of safe riding. | Test in a stationary location first, then assess only passive information viewing in a controlled environment. | Choose the setup that requires the fewest and shortest glances; complete complex tasks only when stopped. | Rider judgment, road conditions, speed, weather, and local law remain decisive. |
